
The unbraked trailer
As the name implies, an unbraked trailer does not have its own braking system. Consequently, when braking, the trailer is slowed down solely by the brakes of the towing vehicle. This means that the car must provide the entire braking force. Therefore, one must also take the additional mass of the trailer into account when braking.
This is also the reason why unbraked trailers in Germany and most European countries are subject to strict limits regarding their permissible gross weight. As a rule, they must not exceed a maximum permissible gross weight of 750 kilograms. If the trailer’s permissible gross weight falls within this limit, it is permitted for use without brakes, provided the towing vehicle is approved for that specific towing load.
Due to these weight restrictions, unbraked trailers are frequently used for lighter loads, such as garden waste, small pieces of furniture, motorcycles, or lightweight construction materials. However, it is important to note that handling characteristics are significantly influenced by the trailer’s weight and load. Factors such as longer braking distances, increased strain on the vehicle’s brakes, and a greater susceptibility to swaying can be significant for the driver, particularly at higher speeds or when driving on downhill gradients.
The braked trailer
A braked trailer, on the other hand, is equipped with its own braking system, usually an overrun brake. An overrun brake operates mechanically: when the towing vehicle brakes, the trailer’s inertia causes it to push against the trailer coupling. This pressure is transmitted via a push rod to the trailer’s brakes, actively braking the trailer’s wheels. As a result, braking force is distributed equally between the towing vehicle and the trailer, significantly improving driving safety.
Braked trailers are therefore designed to handle significantly heavier loads. In Germany, depending on their design and the towing vehicle’s specifications, they may have a permissible gross weight exceeding 750 kilograms, often up to 3,500 kilograms. Consequently, they are primarily used in commercial sectors, construction, and agriculture, as well as for transporting heavy vehicles, boats, or horses. Caravans are also typically equipped with brakes, as their weight often far exceeds the limit for unbraked trailers.
However, the higher weight capacity of a braked trailer comes with increased technical complexity. The braking system requires regular maintenance and inspection, usually carried out as part of the mandatory vehicle safety inspection. An advantage of braked trailers is their greater stability on the road; the trailer’s own braking system allows for shorter stopping distances and improved control, factors that are particularly important during emergency braking or when driving on downhill stretches.
Legal considerations
Another difference between the two types of trailers concerns the legal requirements. For both braked and unbraked trailers, the towing vehicle’s permissible towing capacity must be observed. Driver’s license categories also play a role: a Class B license only permits driving vehicle combinations up to certain weight limits, whereas a Class BE license is often required for heavy, braked trailers.
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